Wheat as a dual crop for biorefining: Straw quality parameters and their interactions with nitrogen supply in modern elite cultivars

Agricultural residues, such as straw, offer an opportunity to produce biofuels and chemicals in biorefineries without compromising food production. The ideal “dual‐purpose cultivar” would have high yield of grain and straw. In addition, the straw should be easy to process in a biorefinery: It should have good degradability, high concentration of carbohydrates, and low concentration of ash. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient important for plant growth, crop yield and grain quality. However, N production and application comes with a high cost and high environmental footprint. The N application should consequently be based on an economical optimum. Limited knowledge exists on how N application affects the potential of straw for biorefining, for example, straw yield and quality. This study, conducted over three cropping seasons, investigated the effect of N supply on the biorefining potential and included 14 wheat cultivars and one triticale cultivar. The N supply directly affected the yield of straw and grain. In addition, the protein concentration in grain and straw increased, but the composition of the straw with respect to carbohydrates and lignin was largely unaffected by N supply. The only significant change was a lower silicon concentration at increasing N application rate, which could be beneficial for lignin valorization in biorefineries. Likely due to the negligible changes in cell wall composition, the effect of N application rate on straw degradability was not significant. N application should therefore primarily be optimized with respect to grain quality and overall yield of grain and straw. Differences between cultivars were also minor with respect to their performance in a biorefinery process. From a breeding and agronomic perspective, focus should therefore be put on maximizing the biomass output from the field, that is, selecting the cultivar with highest grain and straw yield and optimizing the application of fertilizer to get optimum N use efficiency.     

秸秆还田条件下盐渍土团聚体中有机碳化学结构特征

为揭示秸秆还田后盐渍土团聚体中有机碳分布规律和化学结构特征,本研究以苏打碱化潮土为对象,于2020年设置0(CK)、2100(ST₁)、4200(ST₂)、6300(ST₃)、8400(ST₄)和10500 kg·hm^-2(全量还田,ST₅)6个不同秸秆还田用量处理,通过物理分组方法并结合红外光谱技术,测定土壤各粒级团聚体及内部不同组分有机碳含量和红外光谱特征。结果表明: 1)随着秸秆还田量增加,土壤及各级团聚体有机碳含量均呈增加趋势。2)不同秸秆还田处理均显著提高了53～250 μm团聚体轻组有机碳(LOC)含量;与CK相比,ST₃、ST₄处理显著提高250～2000 μm团聚体中矿物结合有机碳(MOC)和53～250 μm团聚体中细颗粒有机碳(fPOC)含量;团聚体内部不同组分有机碳含量由高到低均表现为: LOC>MOC>POC;250～2000 μm团聚体内部fPOC含量高于粗颗粒有机碳(cPOC)含量。3)主成分分析结果显示,秸秆还田对团聚体不同组分有机碳化学结构的影响较小,有机碳化学结构差异主要受粒级的影响。4)>250 μm粒级团聚体有机碳主要来源于芳香碳和多糖,53～250 μm粒级团聚体有机碳主要来源于单糖和多糖等碳水化合物,<53 μm黏粒有机碳主要来源于脂肪碳、烷基碳、芳香碳和酚醇化合物;不同粒级团聚体内部LOC主要来源于脂肪碳、芳香碳、酚醇化合物,颗粒有机碳(POC)主要来源于碳水化合物,MOC主要来源于烷基碳。综上,秸秆还田短期内能够提高土壤团聚体有机碳含量,但对团聚体有机碳化学结构无显著影响,且不同团聚体内部相同粒级组分有机碳化学结构相似,随着粒径减小,有机碳含量增加,化学结构趋于稳定。因此,秸秆还田短期内可促进盐渍土团聚体对有机碳的固定,但不改变有机碳化学结构特征,同时,土壤有机碳在团聚体中的存在位置和受保护程度是影响有机碳化学结构的主要因素。     

长期秸秆还田对水稻土团聚体及氮磷钾分配的影响

为了探究秸秆还田配施化肥条件下水稻土团聚体组成及其稳定性,以及土壤团聚体氮、磷、钾养分特征,本研究进行了34年定位试验,设置无肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)3个处理。采用湿筛法测定0～20、20～40 cm土层水稳性团聚体组成,量化分析氮、磷、钾养分分配特征、贡献率和活化度。结果表明: 水稻土水稳性团聚体以>2 mm和0.25～1 mm粒级为主,<0.053 mm粒级含量最低。与CK相比,在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层,NPKS处理增加了>2 mm和1～2 mm团聚体含量,降低了0.053～0.25 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体含量;NPK处理在0～20 cm土层也表现出与NPKS类似的规律。NPKS较NPK处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)提高3.9%～15.5%,几何平均直径(GMD)提高6.3%～41.7%,不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)降低5.7%～28.7%。NPKS处理显著提高了团聚体全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,尤其是直径>0.25 mm部分,但对碱解氮和全钾的提升效果与NPK处理差异不显著。水稻土团聚体养分贡献率受到其团聚体组成的影响,NPKS处理明显增大了>1 mm团聚体氮、磷、钾养分贡献率。秸秆还田配施化肥可提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体稳定性,并增加团聚体氮、磷、钾养分含量,尤其是大团聚体(>1 mm)。该研究结果为调节土壤碳氮比来保障稻田土壤质量和资源可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

一株低温木质素降解菌的筛选、产酶优化及酶学性质

【背景】我国北方地区秋冬两季平均气温较低,低温环境使得秸秆更难自然降解。【目的】筛选高效低温木质素降解菌,探索其酶学特性并提高其产酶性能和秸秆降解效率。【方法】通过苯胺蓝法和酶活测定对菌株进行筛选,以Lip、Lac、Mnp酶活力为评价指标,采用单因素和响应面法进行产酶条件优化及酶学性质研究,通过固态发酵试验研究其对秸秆的降解效率。【结果】筛选到一株高效菌LS-1,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定其为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。菌株LS-1在木质素为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、pH 8.0、培养温度15°C、培养时间3 d时产酶效果最佳,其中Lip酶活力为23.34 U/mL、Lac酶活力为9.37 U/mL、Mnp酶活力为50.89 U/mL。Lip和Lac最适作用温度为30°C且热稳定性良好,Mnp最适作用温度为50°C但热稳定性较差。Lac最适作用pH 4.0且耐酸性较好,Lip和Mnp最适作用pH 5.0;0.75 mmol/L Mg~(2+)和0.5%吐温-20对Lip有促进作用,1 mmol/L Cu~(2+)和丁香酸对Lac有促进作用,0.1%-0.5%吐温-20均对Mnp有促进作用。15°C固态发酵后,秸秆失重率达18.85%,木质素降解率达36.14%,比对照组提高约6倍以上。【结论】本研究为低温木质素高效降解提供了优质菌种资源,在秸秆降解方面具有良好的应用前景。     

复合菌系GF-20低温降解玉米秸秆过程中群落演替与理化特性

【背景】秸秆的生物降解具有高效率和环保等特点而备受关注。【目的】明确复合菌系GF-20秸秆降解过程中发挥重要作用的功能微生物类群及其与降解特性的关系。【方法】将复合菌系GF-20在10°C条件下恒温培养,定期取样测定其生长特性及秸秆分解特性,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同降解时期复合菌系的群落结构变化规律。【结果】复合菌系GF-20在接种后1 d内进入对数生长期,pH值迅速下降至6.98,总糖含量迅速降低至0.22 mg/mL;3 d后体系可溶性化学需氧量降低至4.77 g/L,氧化还原电位迅速降低至-303 m V,并高效分泌纤维素酶;培养15 d时玉米秸秆降解率为31.97%,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素降解率分别为32.30%、44.85%和43.84%。在玉米秸秆降解过程中,降解初期(2、5 d)的优势菌属为Cellvibrio (29.55%)、Chryseobacterium (7.35%)、Hydrogenophaga(3.86%)和Pseudomonas(3.42%);降解中期(7、10d)的优势菌属为Azospirillum(9.92%)、Rhizobium (6.99%)、Nubsella (5.06%)和Stenotrophomonas (3.37%);降解后期(12、15 d)的优势菌属为Taibaiella (13.82%)、Pleomorphomonas (13.69%)、Flavobacterium (14.89%)、Cellulomonas(7.18%)、Devosia(7.36%)、Pedobacter(4.32%)和Sphingomonas(2.23%)。【结论】明确了复合菌系GF-20在不同降解时期微生物群落结构演替规律以及秸秆降解特性动态变化,为复合菌系的合理化利用提供理论依据。     

Microbial communities involved in biogas production from wheat straw as the sole substrate within a two-phase solid-state anaerobic digestion

Microbial communities involved in biogas production from wheat straw as the sole substrate were investigated. Anaerobic digestion was carried out within an up-flow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) reactor connected to an anaerobic filter (AF) by liquor recirculation. Two lab-scale reactor systems were operated simultaneously at 37 °C and 55 °C. The UASS reactors were fed at a fixed organic loading rate of 2.5 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹, based on volatile solids. Molecular genetic analyses of the bacterial and archaeal communities within the UASS reactors (digestate and effluent liquor) and the AFs (biofilm carrier and effluent liquor) were conducted under steady-state conditions. The thermophilic UASS reactor had a considerably higher biogas and methane yield in comparison to the mesophilic UASS, while the mesophilic AF was slightly more productive than the thermophilic AF. When the thermophilic and mesophilic community structures were compared, the thermophilic system was characterized by a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequence analysis. The composition of the archaeal communities was phase-separated under thermophilic conditions, but rather stage-specific under mesophilic conditions. Family- and order-specific real-time PCR of methanogenic Archaea supported the taxonomic distribution obtained by rrs sequence analysis. The higher anaerobic digestion efficiency of the thermophilic compared to the mesophilic UASS reactor was accompanied by a high abundance of Firmicutes and Methanosarcina sp. in the thermophilic UASS biofilm.     

汽爆秸秆漆酶协同作用提取木质素

组分分离是秸秆炼制的关键技术。本文建立了汽爆耦合漆酶协同作用工艺,研究其对秸秆物理形态、化学组成以及木质素碱提取过程的影响。研究结果表明汽爆破坏秸秆表面致密结构,提高比表面积,促进漆酶对秸秆木质素的氧化作用;红外分析表明,漆酶破坏了汽爆秸秆中半纤维素酯键,且愈创木基吸收峰减弱,漆酶削弱了木质素与纤维素间相互作用;汽爆漆酶协同作用后的秸秆木质素提取率提高约20%(70℃,120 min)。Nuclei Growth模型分析温和条件下秸秆木质素提取过程,动力学结果表明,汽爆漆酶协同预处理增加了汽爆秸秆木质素碱提过程中反应起始作用位点,并提高了该过程对温度的敏感性。汽爆-漆酶协同预处理是一种有效的分离木质素的方法,将在木质纤维素原料的生物炼制中发挥重要作用。     

麦秸与稻秸浸提液对油菜及2种靶标杂草种苗生长影响的差异性研究

采用室内培养皿生物测定的方法,测试不同质量浓度（0、0.02、0.03、0.05、0.08、0.10 g·mL^-1）麦秸、稻秸浸提液对油菜及油菜田2种常见靶标杂草野燕麦（Avena fatua Linn）、播娘蒿 ［Descurainia sophia（L.）Schur］种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在供试质量浓度下,麦秸与稻秸浸提液对3种受体材料种苗生长的影响存在显著差异,二者对油菜种苗生长安全的最高质量浓度分别为0.08 g·mL^-1和0.05 g·mL^-1,可以用来开发研制油菜田肥料;在对油菜安全的质量浓度下,麦秸浸提液对野燕麦种苗生长无抑制作用;而稻秸浸提液对野燕麦种苗生长的抑制作用明显,可以用来开发研制油菜田防除野燕麦的生物抑草肥;在油菜的安全的质量浓度下,麦秸、稻秸浸提液对播娘蒿种苗生长均有很强的抑制作用,且麦秸的抑制作用强于稻秸,具有开发研制油菜田治理播娘蒿的生物抑草肥料的应用前景。     

Assessment of leaf/stem ratio in wheat straw feedstock and impact on enzymatic conversion

The composition of wheat straw leaf and stem fractions were characterized using traditional strong acid hydrolysis, and monoclonal antibodies using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). These results are then related to high throughput lignocellulose pretreatment and saccharification screening data. Pure leaf fraction of wheat straw was the least recalcitrant compared to pure stem and easily digested by commercial cellulases after moderate hydrothermal pretreatment; 63% and 31% (w/w) of glucan, 88% and 61% of xylan were released from the leaf and stem fractions, respectively. By preparing samples of various leaf‐to‐stem (L/S) ratios, we found shifting conversion behavior as processing parameters were modified. Increasing the enzyme dosage, pretreatment temperature and pretreatment time all significantly improved conversion rates in samples with more than 50% leaf content, whereas less impact was observed on samples with less than 50% leaf content. Enzyme affinity, desorption and readsorption with leaf and stem fractions may affect the sugar yield in wheat straw saccharification. The data suggest that the L/S ratio is an important parameter when adjusting or optimizing conversion processes and additionally in feedstock breeding. Furthermore, this highlights the need for rapid techniques for determining L/S ratio in wheat straw harvests. The CoMPP data on specific carbohydrates and leaf pectin highlight carbohydrate epitopes that may be useful as markers in the development of novel screening techniques; especially pectin or arabinogalactan proteins related epitopes are promising.